[Geoserver-users] Image Mosaic Plug-in w/ PostGIS Configuration

Hi,

I am trying to create a new image mosaic store with PostGIS in EPSG:3857 projection, but it fails with the error below.

21 Jan 18:35:19 ERROR [imagemosaic.Utils] - Cannot create a mosaic out of an empty index

java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Cannot create a mosaic out of an empty index

I can create image mosaic store with EPSG:4326 projection just fine though…

I noticed that in the indexer.properties file, there is the “Schema” parameter. Is it because the default projection of “the_geom:Polygon” is 4326? How do I configure it so that it uses 3857? “the_geom:Polygon(3857)”?

Thanks,
Danny

Hi Danny,

the “the_geom:Polygon” parameter is a Geometry in the CRS of your data. Could you please run a gdalinfo
on one of the files you are mosaiking? This could be helpful for investigating on the issue.

Regards,
Nicola Lagomarsini.

···

2015-01-22 3:56 GMT+01:00 Danny Cheng <dcheng@anonymised.com>:

Hi,

I am trying to create a new image mosaic store with PostGIS in EPSG:3857 projection, but it fails with the error below.

21 Jan 18:35:19 ERROR [imagemosaic.Utils] - Cannot create a mosaic out of an empty index

java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Cannot create a mosaic out of an empty index

I can create image mosaic store with EPSG:4326 projection just fine though…

I noticed that in the indexer.properties file, there is the “Schema” parameter. Is it because the default projection of “the_geom:Polygon” is 4326? How do I configure it so that it uses 3857? “the_geom:Polygon(3857)”?

Thanks,
Danny


New Year. New Location. New Benefits. New Data Center in Ashburn, VA.
GigeNET is offering a free month of service with a new server in Ashburn.
Choose from 2 high performing configs, both with 100TB of bandwidth.
Higher redundancy.Lower latency.Increased capacity.Completely compliant.
http://p.sf.net/sfu/gigenet


Geoserver-users mailing list
Geoserver-users@anonymised.comsts.sourceforge.net
https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/geoserver-users

==
GeoServer Professional Services from the experts! Visit
http://goo.gl/NWWaa2 for more information.

Ing. Nicola Lagomarsini
Junior Software Engineer

GeoSolutions S.A.S.
Via Poggio alle Viti 1187
55054 Massarosa (LU)
Italy
phone: +39 0584 962313
fax: +39 0584 1660272

http://www.geo-solutions.it
http://twitter.com/geosolutions_it


AVVERTENZE AI SENSI DEL D.Lgs. 196/2003

Le informazioni contenute in questo messaggio di posta elettronica e/o nel/i file/s allegato/i sono da considerarsi strettamente riservate. Il loro utilizzo è consentito esclusivamente al destinatario del messaggio, per le finalità indicate nel messaggio stesso. Qualora riceviate questo messaggio senza esserne il destinatario, Vi preghiamo cortesemente di darcene notizia via e-mail e di procedere alla distruzione del messaggio stesso, cancellandolo dal Vostro sistema. Conservare il messaggio stesso, divulgarlo anche in parte, distribuirlo ad altri soggetti, copiarlo, od utilizzarlo per finalità diverse, costituisce comportamento contrario ai principi dettati dal D.Lgs. 196/2003.

The information in this message and/or attachments, is intended solely for the attention and use of the named addressee(s) and may be confidential or proprietary in nature or covered by the provisions of privacy act (Legislative Decree June, 30 2003, no.196 - Italy’s New Data Protection Code).Any use not in accord with its purpose, any disclosure, reproduction, copying, distribution, or either dissemination, either whole or partial, is strictly forbidden except previous formal approval of the named addressee(s). If you are not the intended recipient, please contact immediately the sender by telephone, fax or e-mail and delete the information in this message that has been received in error. The sender does not give any warranty or accept liability as the content, accuracy or completeness of sent messages and accepts no responsibility for changes made after they were sent or for other risks which arise as a result of e-mail transmission, viruses, etc.

Hi Nicola,

Here is the gdalinfo information.

Driver: GTiff/GeoTIFF

Files: Tile_1.tif

Size is 20979, 18764

Coordinate System is:

PROJCS[“WGS 84 / Pseudo-Mercator”,

GEOGCS[“WGS 84”,

DATUM[“WGS_1984”,

SPHEROID[“WGS 84”,6378137,298.257223563,

AUTHORITY[“EPSG”,“7030”]],

AUTHORITY[“EPSG”,“6326”]],

PRIMEM[“Greenwich”,0],

UNIT[“degree”,0.0174532925199433],

AUTHORITY[“EPSG”,“4326”]],

PROJECTION[“Mercator_1SP”],

PARAMETER[“central_meridian”,0],

PARAMETER[“scale_factor”,1],

PARAMETER[“false_easting”,0],

PARAMETER[“false_northing”,0],

UNIT[“metre”,1,

AUTHORITY[“EPSG”,“9001”]],

EXTENSION[“PROJ4”,“+proj=merc +a=6378137 +b=6378137 +lat_ts=0.0 +lon_0=0.0 +x_0=0.0 +y_0=0 +k=1.0 +units=m +nadgrids=@null +wktext +no_defs”],

AUTHORITY[“EPSG”,“3857”]]

Origin = (13358176.554268755018711,2571838.764649963937700)

Pixel Size = (15.933801382064338,-15.933801382064338)

Metadata:

AREA_OR_POINT=Point

TIFFTAG_RESOLUTIONUNIT=2 (pixels/inch)

TIFFTAG_XRESOLUTION=72

TIFFTAG_YRESOLUTION=72

Image Structure Metadata:

INTERLEAVE=PIXEL

Corner Coordinates:

Upper Left (13358176.554, 2571838.765) (119d59’54.75"E, 22d30’ 5.25"N)

Lower Left (13358176.554, 2272856.916) (119d59’54.75"E, 19d59’54.71"N)

Upper Right (13692451.773, 2571838.765) (123d 0’ 4.99"E, 22d30’ 5.25"N)

Lower Right (13692451.773, 2272856.916) (123d 0’ 4.99"E, 19d59’54.71"N)

Center (13525314.164, 2422347.840) (121d29’59.87"E, 21d15’19.12"N)

Band 1 Block=512x512 Type=Byte, ColorInterp=Red

NoData Value=0

Band 2 Block=512x512 Type=Byte, ColorInterp=Green

NoData Value=0

Band 3 Block=512x512 Type=Byte, ColorInterp=Blue

NoData Value=0

Thanks,
Danny

···

Hi Danny,

the “the_geom:Polygon” parameter is a Geometry in the CRS of your data. Could you please run a gdalinfo

on one of the files you are mosaiking? This could be helpful for investigating on the issue.

Regards,

Nicola Lagomarsini.

2015-01-22 3:56 GMT+01:00 Danny Cheng <dcheng@…3836…>:

Hi,

I am trying to create a new image mosaic store with PostGIS in EPSG:3857 projection, but it fails with the error below.

21 Jan 18:35:19 ERROR [imagemosaic.Utils] - Cannot create a mosaic out of an empty index

java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Cannot create a mosaic out of an empty index

I can create image mosaic store with EPSG:4326 projection just fine though…

I noticed that in the indexer.properties file, there is the “Schema” parameter. Is it because the default projection of “the_geom:Polygon” is 4326? How do I configure it so that it uses 3857? “the_geom:Polygon(3857)”?

Thanks,
Danny


New Year. New Location. New Benefits. New Data Center in Ashburn, VA.
GigeNET is offering a free month of service with a new server in Ashburn.
Choose from 2 high performing configs, both with 100TB of bandwidth.
Higher redundancy.Lower latency.Increased capacity.Completely compliant.
http://p.sf.net/sfu/gigenet


Geoserver-users mailing list
Geoserver-users@lists.sourceforge.net
https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/geoserver-users

==
GeoServer Professional Services from the experts! Visit
http://goo.gl/NWWaa2 for more information.

Ing. Nicola Lagomarsini

Junior Software Engineer

GeoSolutions S.A.S.

Via Poggio alle Viti 1187

55054 Massarosa (LU)

Italy

phone: +39 0584 962313

fax: +39 0584 1660272

http://www.geo-solutions.it

http://twitter.com/geosolutions_it


AVVERTENZE AI SENSI DEL D.Lgs. 196/2003

Le informazioni contenute in questo messaggio di posta elettronica e/o nel/i file/s allegato/i sono da considerarsi strettamente riservate. Il loro utilizzo è consentito esclusivamente al destinatario del messaggio, per le finalità indicate nel messaggio stesso. Qualora riceviate questo messaggio senza esserne il destinatario, Vi preghiamo cortesemente di darcene notizia via e-mail e di procedere alla distruzione del messaggio stesso, cancellandolo dal Vostro sistema. Conservare il messaggio stesso, divulgarlo anche in parte, distribuirlo ad altri soggetti, copiarlo, od utilizzarlo per finalità diverse, costituisce comportamento contrario ai principi dettati dal D.Lgs. 196/2003.

The information in this message and/or attachments, is intended solely for the attention and use of the named addressee(s) and may be confidential or proprietary in nature or covered by the provisions of privacy act (Legislative Decree June, 30 2003, no.196 - Italy’s New Data Protection Code).Any use not in accord with its purpose, any disclosure, reproduction, copying, distribution, or either dissemination, either whole or partial, is strictly forbidden except previous formal approval of the named addressee(s). If you are not the intended recipient, please contact immediately the sender by telephone, fax or e-mail and delete the information in this message that has been received in error. The sender does not give any warranty or accept liability as the content, accuracy or completeness of sent messages and accepts no responsibility for changes made after they were sent or for other risks which arise as a result of e-mail transmission, viruses, etc.

My apologies, the error had nothing to do with the projection of the image. It had to do with my indexer.properties configuration where my images weren’t conforming to the configuration I had configured.

Thanks,
Danny

···

Hi Danny,

the “the_geom:Polygon” parameter is a Geometry in the CRS of your data. Could you please run a gdalinfo

on one of the files you are mosaiking? This could be helpful for investigating on the issue.

Regards,

Nicola Lagomarsini.

2015-01-22 3:56 GMT+01:00 Danny Cheng <dcheng@…3836…>:

Hi,

I am trying to create a new image mosaic store with PostGIS in EPSG:3857 projection, but it fails with the error below.

21 Jan 18:35:19 ERROR [imagemosaic.Utils] - Cannot create a mosaic out of an empty index

java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Cannot create a mosaic out of an empty index

I can create image mosaic store with EPSG:4326 projection just fine though…

I noticed that in the indexer.properties file, there is the “Schema” parameter. Is it because the default projection of “the_geom:Polygon” is 4326? How do I configure it so that it uses 3857? “the_geom:Polygon(3857)”?

Thanks,
Danny


New Year. New Location. New Benefits. New Data Center in Ashburn, VA.
GigeNET is offering a free month of service with a new server in Ashburn.
Choose from 2 high performing configs, both with 100TB of bandwidth.
Higher redundancy.Lower latency.Increased capacity.Completely compliant.
http://p.sf.net/sfu/gigenet


Geoserver-users mailing list
Geoserver-users@lists.sourceforge.net
https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/geoserver-users

==
GeoServer Professional Services from the experts! Visit
http://goo.gl/NWWaa2 for more information.

Ing. Nicola Lagomarsini

Junior Software Engineer

GeoSolutions S.A.S.

Via Poggio alle Viti 1187

55054 Massarosa (LU)

Italy

phone: +39 0584 962313

fax: +39 0584 1660272

http://www.geo-solutions.it

http://twitter.com/geosolutions_it


AVVERTENZE AI SENSI DEL D.Lgs. 196/2003

Le informazioni contenute in questo messaggio di posta elettronica e/o nel/i file/s allegato/i sono da considerarsi strettamente riservate. Il loro utilizzo è consentito esclusivamente al destinatario del messaggio, per le finalità indicate nel messaggio stesso. Qualora riceviate questo messaggio senza esserne il destinatario, Vi preghiamo cortesemente di darcene notizia via e-mail e di procedere alla distruzione del messaggio stesso, cancellandolo dal Vostro sistema. Conservare il messaggio stesso, divulgarlo anche in parte, distribuirlo ad altri soggetti, copiarlo, od utilizzarlo per finalità diverse, costituisce comportamento contrario ai principi dettati dal D.Lgs. 196/2003.

The information in this message and/or attachments, is intended solely for the attention and use of the named addressee(s) and may be confidential or proprietary in nature or covered by the provisions of privacy act (Legislative Decree June, 30 2003, no.196 - Italy’s New Data Protection Code).Any use not in accord with its purpose, any disclosure, reproduction, copying, distribution, or either dissemination, either whole or partial, is strictly forbidden except previous formal approval of the named addressee(s). If you are not the intended recipient, please contact immediately the sender by telephone, fax or e-mail and delete the information in this message that has been received in error. The sender does not give any warranty or accept liability as the content, accuracy or completeness of sent messages and accepts no responsibility for changes made after they were sent or for other risks which arise as a result of e-mail transmission, viruses, etc.

Hi Danny,

if I understand correctly, have you configured the mosaic without other issues?

Regards,
Nicola Lagomarsini

···

2015-01-22 21:11 GMT+01:00 Danny Cheng <dcheng@anonymised.com>:

My apologies, the error had nothing to do with the projection of the image. It had to do with my indexer.properties configuration where my images weren’t conforming to the configuration I had configured.

Thanks,
Danny

From: 88lake88@anonymised.com [mailto:88lake88@anonymised.com] On Behalf Of Nicola Lagomarsini
Sent: Thursday, January 22, 2015 12:59 AM
To: Danny Cheng
Cc: geoserver-users@lists.sourceforge.net
Subject: Re: [Geoserver-users] Image Mosaic Plug-in w/ PostGIS Configuration

Hi Danny,

the “the_geom:Polygon” parameter is a Geometry in the CRS of your data. Could you please run a gdalinfo

on one of the files you are mosaiking? This could be helpful for investigating on the issue.

Regards,

Nicola Lagomarsini.

2015-01-22 3:56 GMT+01:00 Danny Cheng <dcheng@anonymised.com>:

Hi,

I am trying to create a new image mosaic store with PostGIS in EPSG:3857 projection, but it fails with the error below.

21 Jan 18:35:19 ERROR [imagemosaic.Utils] - Cannot create a mosaic out of an empty index

java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Cannot create a mosaic out of an empty index

I can create image mosaic store with EPSG:4326 projection just fine though…

I noticed that in the indexer.properties file, there is the “Schema” parameter. Is it because the default projection of “the_geom:Polygon” is 4326? How do I configure it so that it uses 3857? “the_geom:Polygon(3857)”?

Thanks,
Danny


New Year. New Location. New Benefits. New Data Center in Ashburn, VA.
GigeNET is offering a free month of service with a new server in Ashburn.
Choose from 2 high performing configs, both with 100TB of bandwidth.
Higher redundancy.Lower latency.Increased capacity.Completely compliant.
http://p.sf.net/sfu/gigenet


Geoserver-users mailing list
Geoserver-users@lists.sourceforge.net
https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/geoserver-users

==
GeoServer Professional Services from the experts! Visit
http://goo.gl/NWWaa2 for more information.

Ing. Nicola Lagomarsini

Junior Software Engineer

GeoSolutions S.A.S.

Via Poggio alle Viti 1187

55054 Massarosa (LU)

Italy

phone: +39 0584 962313

fax: +39 0584 1660272

http://www.geo-solutions.it

http://twitter.com/geosolutions_it


AVVERTENZE AI SENSI DEL D.Lgs. 196/2003

Le informazioni contenute in questo messaggio di posta elettronica e/o nel/i file/s allegato/i sono da considerarsi strettamente riservate. Il loro utilizzo è consentito esclusivamente al destinatario del messaggio, per le finalità indicate nel messaggio stesso. Qualora riceviate questo messaggio senza esserne il destinatario, Vi preghiamo cortesemente di darcene notizia via e-mail e di procedere alla distruzione del messaggio stesso, cancellandolo dal Vostro sistema. Conservare il messaggio stesso, divulgarlo anche in parte, distribuirlo ad altri soggetti, copiarlo, od utilizzarlo per finalità diverse, costituisce comportamento contrario ai principi dettati dal D.Lgs. 196/2003.

The information in this message and/or attachments, is intended solely for the attention and use of the named addressee(s) and may be confidential or proprietary in nature or covered by the provisions of privacy act (Legislative Decree June, 30 2003, no.196 - Italy’s New Data Protection Code).Any use not in accord with its purpose, any disclosure, reproduction, copying, distribution, or either dissemination, either whole or partial, is strictly forbidden except previous formal approval of the named addressee(s). If you are not the intended recipient, please contact immediately the sender by telephone, fax or e-mail and delete the information in this message that has been received in error. The sender does not give any warranty or accept liability as the content, accuracy or completeness of sent messages and accepts no responsibility for changes made after they were sent or for other risks which arise as a result of e-mail transmission, viruses, etc.

==
GeoServer Professional Services from the experts! Visit
http://goo.gl/NWWaa2 for more information.

Ing. Nicola Lagomarsini
Junior Software Engineer

GeoSolutions S.A.S.
Via Poggio alle Viti 1187
55054 Massarosa (LU)
Italy
phone: +39 0584 962313
fax: +39 0584 1660272

http://www.geo-solutions.it
http://twitter.com/geosolutions_it


AVVERTENZE AI SENSI DEL D.Lgs. 196/2003

Le informazioni contenute in questo messaggio di posta elettronica e/o nel/i file/s allegato/i sono da considerarsi strettamente riservate. Il loro utilizzo è consentito esclusivamente al destinatario del messaggio, per le finalità indicate nel messaggio stesso. Qualora riceviate questo messaggio senza esserne il destinatario, Vi preghiamo cortesemente di darcene notizia via e-mail e di procedere alla distruzione del messaggio stesso, cancellandolo dal Vostro sistema. Conservare il messaggio stesso, divulgarlo anche in parte, distribuirlo ad altri soggetti, copiarlo, od utilizzarlo per finalità diverse, costituisce comportamento contrario ai principi dettati dal D.Lgs. 196/2003.

The information in this message and/or attachments, is intended solely for the attention and use of the named addressee(s) and may be confidential or proprietary in nature or covered by the provisions of privacy act (Legislative Decree June, 30 2003, no.196 - Italy’s New Data Protection Code).Any use not in accord with its purpose, any disclosure, reproduction, copying, distribution, or either dissemination, either whole or partial, is strictly forbidden except previous formal approval of the named addressee(s). If you are not the intended recipient, please contact immediately the sender by telephone, fax or e-mail and delete the information in this message that has been received in error. The sender does not give any warranty or accept liability as the content, accuracy or completeness of sent messages and accepts no responsibility for changes made after they were sent or for other risks which arise as a result of e-mail transmission, viruses, etc.

No other issues right now. It was simply a human error in setting up the image mosaic store.

Thanks,
Danny

···

Hi Danny,

if I understand correctly, have you configured the mosaic without other issues?

Regards,

Nicola Lagomarsini

2015-01-22 21:11 GMT+01:00 Danny Cheng <dcheng@…3836…>:

My apologies, the error had nothing to do with the projection of the image. It had to do with my indexer.properties configuration where my images weren’t conforming to the configuration I had configured.

Thanks,
Danny

From: 88lake88@…84… [mailto:88lake88@…84…] On Behalf Of Nicola Lagomarsini
Sent: Thursday, January 22, 2015 12:59 AM
To: Danny Cheng
Cc: geoserver-users@lists.sourceforge.net
Subject: Re: [Geoserver-users] Image Mosaic Plug-in w/ PostGIS Configuration

Hi Danny,

the “the_geom:Polygon” parameter is a Geometry in the CRS of your data. Could you please run a gdalinfo

on one of the files you are mosaiking? This could be helpful for investigating on the issue.

Regards,

Nicola Lagomarsini.

2015-01-22 3:56 GMT+01:00 Danny Cheng <dcheng@…3836…>:

Hi,

I am trying to create a new image mosaic store with PostGIS in EPSG:3857 projection, but it fails with the error below.

21 Jan 18:35:19 ERROR [imagemosaic.Utils] - Cannot create a mosaic out of an empty index

java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Cannot create a mosaic out of an empty index

I can create image mosaic store with EPSG:4326 projection just fine though…

I noticed that in the indexer.properties file, there is the “Schema” parameter. Is it because the default projection of “the_geom:Polygon” is 4326? How do I configure it so that it uses 3857? “the_geom:Polygon(3857)”?

Thanks,
Danny


New Year. New Location. New Benefits. New Data Center in Ashburn, VA.
GigeNET is offering a free month of service with a new server in Ashburn.
Choose from 2 high performing configs, both with 100TB of bandwidth.
Higher redundancy.Lower latency.Increased capacity.Completely compliant.
http://p.sf.net/sfu/gigenet


Geoserver-users mailing list
Geoserver-users@lists.sourceforge.net
https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/geoserver-users

==
GeoServer Professional Services from the experts! Visit
http://goo.gl/NWWaa2 for more information.

Ing. Nicola Lagomarsini

Junior Software Engineer

GeoSolutions S.A.S.

Via Poggio alle Viti 1187

55054 Massarosa (LU)

Italy

phone: +39 0584 962313

fax: +39 0584 1660272

http://www.geo-solutions.it

http://twitter.com/geosolutions_it


AVVERTENZE AI SENSI DEL D.Lgs. 196/2003

Le informazioni contenute in questo messaggio di posta elettronica e/o nel/i file/s allegato/i sono da considerarsi strettamente riservate. Il loro utilizzo è consentito esclusivamente al destinatario del messaggio, per le finalità indicate nel messaggio stesso. Qualora riceviate questo messaggio senza esserne il destinatario, Vi preghiamo cortesemente di darcene notizia via e-mail e di procedere alla distruzione del messaggio stesso, cancellandolo dal Vostro sistema. Conservare il messaggio stesso, divulgarlo anche in parte, distribuirlo ad altri soggetti, copiarlo, od utilizzarlo per finalità diverse, costituisce comportamento contrario ai principi dettati dal D.Lgs. 196/2003.

The information in this message and/or attachments, is intended solely for the attention and use of the named addressee(s) and may be confidential or proprietary in nature or covered by the provisions of privacy act (Legislative Decree June, 30 2003, no.196 - Italy’s New Data Protection Code).Any use not in accord with its purpose, any disclosure, reproduction, copying, distribution, or either dissemination, either whole or partial, is strictly forbidden except previous formal approval of the named addressee(s). If you are not the intended recipient, please contact immediately the sender by telephone, fax or e-mail and delete the information in this message that has been received in error. The sender does not give any warranty or accept liability as the content, accuracy or completeness of sent messages and accepts no responsibility for changes made after they were sent or for other risks which arise as a result of e-mail transmission, viruses, etc.

==
GeoServer Professional Services from the experts! Visit
http://goo.gl/NWWaa2 for more information.

Ing. Nicola Lagomarsini

Junior Software Engineer

GeoSolutions S.A.S.

Via Poggio alle Viti 1187

55054 Massarosa (LU)

Italy

phone: +39 0584 962313

fax: +39 0584 1660272

http://www.geo-solutions.it

http://twitter.com/geosolutions_it


AVVERTENZE AI SENSI DEL D.Lgs. 196/2003

Le informazioni contenute in questo messaggio di posta elettronica e/o nel/i file/s allegato/i sono da considerarsi strettamente riservate. Il loro utilizzo è consentito esclusivamente al destinatario del messaggio, per le finalità indicate nel messaggio stesso. Qualora riceviate questo messaggio senza esserne il destinatario, Vi preghiamo cortesemente di darcene notizia via e-mail e di procedere alla distruzione del messaggio stesso, cancellandolo dal Vostro sistema. Conservare il messaggio stesso, divulgarlo anche in parte, distribuirlo ad altri soggetti, copiarlo, od utilizzarlo per finalità diverse, costituisce comportamento contrario ai principi dettati dal D.Lgs. 196/2003.

The information in this message and/or attachments, is intended solely for the attention and use of the named addressee(s) and may be confidential or proprietary in nature or covered by the provisions of privacy act (Legislative Decree June, 30 2003, no.196 - Italy’s New Data Protection Code).Any use not in accord with its purpose, any disclosure, reproduction, copying, distribution, or either dissemination, either whole or partial, is strictly forbidden except previous formal approval of the named addressee(s). If you are not the intended recipient, please contact immediately the sender by telephone, fax or e-mail and delete the information in this message that has been received in error. The sender does not give any warranty or accept liability as the content, accuracy or completeness of sent messages and accepts no responsibility for changes made after they were sent or for other risks which arise as a result of e-mail transmission, viruses, etc.